II Historians have examined the Reformation of the English Church in a number of In addition to the English College at Douai, a seminary was established at Rome and two more established in Spain. Symbolic of the general compromises going on, priests could place a crucifix and candles on the table. The revised Act of Supremacy still abolished papal supremacy, but defined Elizabeth as Supreme Governor, rather than Supreme Head, of the church. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement proved to be far more successful than the reforms imposed by Mary . The Church of England was Protestant at its core but took the hierarchy from the Catholics by keeping archbishops and bishops. Episcopacy was replaced with a semi-presbyterian system. Bacon outlined the course to reach this goal by explaining that members were not to insult each other with terms like 'heretic', 'schismatic' or 'Papist'. There were obstacles, notably the presence of many Catholic bishops who had been appointed by Mary and many catholic-minded nobles in the government. [110] Many Puritans, however, were unwilling to conform to it. They were not going to waste time on abstract theological debates, but rather get down to the business at hand of finding concrete solutions to the problems of the day. Many did so out of sympathy with traditional Catholic religion, while others waited to see if this religious settlement was permanent before taking expensive action. Even this was possible only through political intrigue. 10 of Elizabeth I's Key Achievements | History Hit [35], The most significant revision was a change to the Communion Service that added the words for administering sacramental bread and wine from the 1549 prayer book to the words in the 1552 book. This group was led by Richard Neile of Durham and became known as the Durham House group. When Elizabeth inherited the throne, England was bitterly divided between Catholics and Protestants as a result of various religious changes initiated by Henry VIII, Edward VI and Mary I. Henry VIII had broken from the Roman Catholic Church and the authority of the pope, becoming Supreme Head of the Church of England. Roman Catholics, however, would have no such freedom. The Elizabethan Settlement was an attempt to end this religious turmoil. During Henry's reign, the Church of England went semi-Lutheran in 1537, asserting that justification by faith alone was central to doctrine and that the church should eliminate saint worship. [37] This combination could be interpreted as an affirmation of an objective real presence to those who believed in it, while others could interpret it to mean memorialism. [12] She also kept many of her religious views private, which can make it difficult to determine what she believed. Sign up to highlight and take notes. This was particularly evident between 1565 and 1567 during the Vestments controversy over the refusal of some clergy to wear the clerical dress required by the Royal Injunctions. Elizabethan Religious Settlement - AQA - BBC Bitesize What did the Elizabethan Religious Settlement do? From the Arminians, it gained a theology of episcopacy and an appreciation for liturgy. Some modifications were made to appeal to Catholics and Lutherans, including giving individuals greater latitude concerning belief in the real presence of Christ in the Eucharist and permission to use traditional priestly vestments. [82] Afterwards, efforts to identify recusants and force them to conform increased. [101], In response to Bridges' A Defence of the Government Established in the Church of England for Ecclesiastical Matters, an anonymous Puritan under the pseudonym Martin Marprelate published a series of tracts attacking leading conformist clergy. Essay on Elizabeth's religious settlement. There was opposition to the moderate features of the Settlement from both radical Catholics and radical Protestants. In the end, Archbishop Parker issued a code of discipline for the clergy called the Advertisements, and the most popular and effective Protestant preachers were suspended for non-compliance. DOCX WordPress.com This illustrated guide gives an overview of the context, creation and significance of the Portrait, alongside evaluation of Elizabeths legacy A wondrous decorative ornament inspired by the armillary sphere astronomical instrument. Without priests, these social classes drifted into the Church of England and Catholicism was forgotten. When were the Thirty-Nine Articles passed? The Elizabethan Clergy and the Settlement of Religion, 1558-1564. Most people in Elizabethan England were Catholic, but the majority of the government was Protestant. The Pope's authority was removed, but rather than granting the Queen the title of Supreme Head, it merely said she could adopt it herself. [115], Diarmaid MacCulloch states that Hooker's writings helped to create an "Anglican synthesis". As a Protestant, Elizabeth had to tread carefully between both faiths to maintain unity. [98] Whitgift's first move against the Puritans was a requirement that all clergy subscribe to three articles, the second of which stated that the Prayer Book and Ordinal contained "nothing contrary to the word of God". 30 Apr 2023. As the historian D. Starkey notes, Elizabeth's cautious reforms resulted in "a Church that was Protestant in doctrine, Catholic in appearance" (314). Related Content Catholics gained an important concession. [67], Gradually, England was transformed into a Protestant country as the prayer book shaped Elizabethan religious life. In this address, Elizabeth deliberately disassociated herself from the unpopular regime under Queen Mary I by signalling how hers would be different. Under Mary's rule, England returned to the Catholic Church and recognised the pope's authority. 'Elizabeth's religious settlement was a successful compromise - Quizlet Nie wieder prokastinieren mit unseren Lernerinnerungen. Taxes that had been paid to Rome were, as before Mary's reign, redirected to the English government. The Royal Injunctions of July 1559 CE set out a further 57 regulations for the Church of England to follow. One of the most visible differences from traditional Catholic churches was the replacement of the altar with a communion table. The reforms may have been mild but they were enough for the Pope to eventually excommunicate the queen for heresy in February 1570 CE. [31], The Act of Uniformity required church attendance on Sundays and holy days and imposed fines for each day absent. The Elizabethan Settlement sought to provide a compromise between Protestants and Catholics by making a Church of England that had elements of both. The Queen still believed there should be a division between the chancel and the rest of the church. Historians debate how fast and complete the settlement changed religion in England. [38] In 1559, Elizabeth was still unsure of the theological orientation of her Protestant subjects, and she did not want to offend the Lutheran rulers of northern Europe by veering too far into the Reformed camp. This resulted in Elizabeth appointing 27 new bishops whose support she could not afford to lose given there was a shortage of qualified Protestant clergy in England. [44], In the summer of 1559, the government conducted a royal visitation of the dioceses. Will you pass the quiz? [89] These Puritans were not without influence, enjoying the support of powerful men such as the Earl of Leicester, Walter Mildmay, Francis Walsingham, the Earl of Warwick and William Cecil. Web. James I tried to balance the Puritan forces within his church with followers of Andrewes, promoting many of them at the end of his reign. Irregular Unions: Clandestine Marriage in Early Modern English Literature Elizabeth I: A Captivating Guide to the Queen of England Who Was the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike. [42], To enforce her religious policies, Queen Elizabeth needed bishops willing to cooperate. John Calvin, an influential Continental reformer, had called Henry VIII's claim to supreme headship blasphemy. Take a closer look with the unique Van de Velde drawings collection, How habitable are Jupiter's icy moons? https://www.worldhistory.org/article/1565/the-elizabethan-religious-settlement/. Likewise, Elizabethan Puritans abandoned the hopeless cause of presbyterianism to focus on less controversial pursuits. Enjoy the bank holiday weekend celebrating King Charles III's coronation, Why do artists draw, and what can their sketches teach us about their skills and techniques? They tried to push more Protestant-leaning reforms in 1566 but failed. The Elizabeth religious settlement was successfully - Quizlet When Henry died in 1547, the Protestants gained the upper hand. [105], At the start of his reign, Puritans presented the Millenary Petition to the King. The first act passed by the House of Commons in February 1559 joined together a bill of supremacy, establishing Queen Elizabeth I as head of the church, with one of uniformity, dealing with the type of faith and service. What were the main features of the Elizabethan Religious Settlement? Immediately after becoming Queen, she created the Elizabethan Religious Settlement. As spokesman for the government, Bacon delivered its mission statement, to unite the people of this realm into a uniform order of religion'. Once Whitgift had destroyed presbyterian activism, he was content to leave the Puritans alone. [91], By 1572, the debate between Puritans and conformists had entered a new phasechurch government had replaced vestments as the major issue. The Elizabethan settlement did not settle the religious debates brought by the Reformation but it did provide the structure for the Church of England, much of which is still in use today. Again, the question remained a moving target, and many-faced persecution as the definition of acceptable religion continued to shift. [66], The settlement of 1559 had given Protestants control of the Church of England, but matters were different at the parish level, where Catholic priests and traditional laity held large majorities. [48] These provisions offended many Protestants, and in practice, the Injunctions were often ignored by church leaders. The specific words were: The body of our Lord Jesus Christ which was given for thee, preserve thy body and soul unto everlasting life, and take, and eat this, in remembrance that Christ died for thee, feed on him in thine heart by faith and thanksgiving. The Church that Elizabeth created is unique. "Of Common Prayer and Sacraments" taught that although only baptism and the Eucharist were sacraments instituted by Christ other rites such as ordination had a sacramental character. It was given statutory force by the Subscription Act, which required all new ministers to affirm their agreement with this confessional statement. Christians must not make oaths for civic duty. After Queen Mary I died in 1558, Elizabeth I became queen. Fig. [15] It was obvious to most that these were temporary measures. [34][35] Opposition to the so-called "popish wardrobe" made it impossible to enforce the rubric. 8,000 priests and less important clergy did so. William Cecil, 1st Baron Burghley (1520-1598 CE) was Elizabeth Thomas Cranmer served as the first Protestant Archbishop of Canterbury Elizabeth I reigned as queen of England from 1558 to 1603 CE. The hybrid thus created was a compromise that left numerous issues unresolved. [14] He argues the modifications were most likely meant to appease domestic and foreign Lutheran Protestants who opposed the memorialist view originating from reformed Zurich. She kept her crucifix and candles and dropped her plans to restore roods. In addition, the Pope excommunicated Elizabeth for heresy in 1570 CE. It also deleted the Black Rubric, which in the 1552 book explained that kneeling for communion did not imply Eucharistic adoration. The debate quickly descended into name-calling and two of the Catholics were sent to the Tower for contempt. In 1564 there were shall engines to it from radical protestants and in 1 568 conservative Catholics also reacted against it.However despite such challenges, which were from a . This was by no means a simple task as, in these early stages, nobody quite knew what Anglicism precisely was except that it was not Catholicism or extreme Protestantism but somewhere in-between. [13][14] At certain times, the Queen made her religious preferences clear, such as on Christmas Day 1558, when before Mass she instructed Bishop Owen Oglethorpe not to elevate the host. Elizabeth's efforts led to the Religious Settlement, a legal process by which the Protestant Church of England was restored and the queen took the title of Supreme Governor of the Church of England. Wealthy church papists attended their parish church but had Mass at home or hired two chaplains, one to perform the prayer book service and the other to perform the Mass. World History Encyclopedia. This perception was seemingly confirmed when Elizabeth was excommunicated by Pope Pius V in February 1570. The papal bull Regnans in Excelsis released Elizabeth's Catholic subjects from any obligation to obey her. Neither France nor Spain reacted to the changes, perhaps believing that they were as temporary as they hoped Elizabeth's reign would be. The next sovereign was Catholic Mary I of England (r. 1553-1558 CE), and she reversed the Reformation. Few thought this was the rubric's meaning, however. [115] It was in the period after 1660 that Richard Hooker's thought became influential within the Church of England, as Anglicans tried to define themselves in ways distinct from Protestant dissenters. Fig. Elizabethan Church, the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion, provides ample support to this authors contention that the Elizabethan Church Settlement was not really a via media, the middle road, but one that was distinctly Protestant. Choosing to remain Catholic would surrender power to Rome and ally England with other Catholic states, such as France and Spain. [108], During the reign of Charles I, the Arminians were ascendant and closely associated with William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury (16331645). These included injunctions allowing processions to take place at Rogationtide and requirements that clergy receive permission to marry from the bishop and two justices of the peace. Elizabeth had to also concede to the radical Protestants and so she introduced a new Book of Common Prayer in 1559 CE which was not quite as radical as Thomas Cranmer's 1552 CE version but more so than the more moderate 1549 CE version. [63], The Elizabethan settlement was further consolidated by the adoption of a moderately Protestant doctrinal statement called the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion. Help us and translate this article into another language! Elizabethan religious settlement: the Timeline of key events. [81] In 1580, the first Jesuit priests came to England. When Parliament reconvened in April, the two issues were presented separately and considerable concessions were made. Now outside the established church, the different strands of the Puritan movement evolved into separate denominations: Congregationalists, Presbyterians, and Baptists. The injunctions ordered the "holy table" to be carried into the chancel during communion services but at all other times to be placed where the altar would have stood. The Archbishop of Canterbury remained at the top, the Archbishop of York was number two, and the monarch appointed the bishops and archbishops. While broad and ambiguous, this provision was meant to reassure Catholics that they would have some protection. [4] The doctrines of purgatory, prayer for the dead and the intercession of saints were also rejected during this time. [28], The bill included permission to receive communion in two kinds. The traditionalist argument was very pro-Protestant. The Queen did not approve, disliking any attempt to undermine the concept of religious uniformity and her own religious settlement. Instead, she approached religion with a more pragmatic air. [32] The Litany in the 1552 book had denounced "the bishop of Rome, and all his detestable enormities". [93] It called for the church to be organised according to presbyterian polity. Despite the problems that sometimes arose, it proved to be a remarkable success. He refused, so the Queen left the chapel before the consecration. [28], The alternative title was less offensive to Catholic members of Parliament, but this was unlikely to have been the only reason for the alteration. It was also a concession to the Queen's Protestant supporters who objected to "supreme head" on theological grounds and who had concerns about a female leading the Church. Please support World History Encyclopedia. Elizabeth herself was happy enough to have such quintessential Catholic elements as candles and a crucifix in her own private chapel. Before 1574, most laymen were not made to take the Oath of Supremacy and the 12d fine for missing a service was poorly enforced. [30] The revised Book of Common Prayer removed this denunciation of the Pope. In 1539, Henry tried to walk back some of his more Lutheran-leaning reforms and make the Church of England more Catholic by reaffirming transubstantiation and celibacy for clerics. [18][19], To avoid alarming foreign Catholic observers, Elizabeth initially maintained that nothing in religion had changed. Most Catholics, however, were "church papists"Catholics who outwardly conformed to the established church while maintaining their Catholic faith in secret. . There was a turnover of officials as Elizabeth removed remaining pro-Catholic bishops and, under the 1559 CE Act of Exchange, confiscated their estates (or threatened to if they did not toe the line). Elizabeth I inherited a kingdom bitterly divided over matters of religion. Consequently, Elizabeth's reforms would have to be introduced with care. "It was worthwhile for Elizabeth's government to throw the Lutherans a few theological scraps, and the change also chimed with the queen's personal inclination to Lutheran views on eucharistic presence. Churchwarden accounts indicate that half of all parishes kept Catholic vestments and Mass equipment for at least a decade. [106], The Church of England's dominant theology was still Calvinism, but a group of theologians associated with Bishop Lancelot Andrewes disagreed with many aspects of the Reformed tradition, especially its teaching on predestination. Examples of permissible music included metrical psalms and liturgical texts such as the Te Deum. Please donate to our server cost fundraiser 2023, so that we can produce more history articles, videos and translations. This license lets others remix, tweak, and build upon this content non-commercially, as long as they credit the author and license their new creations under the identical terms. Protestantism would also create a fear of persecution among Englands Catholics. Also, like Elizabeth, Parker was a Nicodemitesomeone who stayed in England during Mary's reign and outwardly conformed to Catholicism. Since the Act of Uniformity 1549 which approved the first prayer book was passed in January, it is likely that the provisions of the 1549 prayer book were intended, even though Edward's second year ended several months before the book was published. It included the Act of Supremacy, Act of Uniformity, a new Book of Common Prayer, and the Thirty-Nine Articles. [59] The impressment of boys for service as singers in St. Paul's Cathedral and the royal chapel continued during this period. While some were happy to return to the traditional religion, many were not, and the land was ripped apart by rebellion. World History Publishing is a non-profit company registered in the United Kingdom. Extremism would not be tolerated and name-calling and mud-slinging would not move things forward. [79] The discovery of the Ridolfi plota Catholic conspiracy to overthrow Elizabeth and place Mary, Queen of Scots on the thronefurther alarmed the English government. One, "Of the Worthy Receiving of the Sacrament", added more detail to the church's doctrine of the Eucharist, which was described as "spiritual food" and "a ghostly substance and not carnal" made real by faith. In Mary's reign, these religious policies were reversed, England was re-united with the Roman Catholic Church and Protestantism was suppressed. The articles removed Catholic sacraments: Confirmation, Penance, Holy Orders, Marriage, and Last Rites or Extreme Unction. The proposed settlement was roundly rejected and adulterated by the House of . [113] The suppression and marginalisation of Prayer Book Protestants during the 1640s and 1650s had made the prayer book "an undisputed identifier of an emerging Anglican self-consciousness. Later, she decided that roods should be restored in parish churches. It restored the 1552 prayer book with some modifications. A proclamation forbade any "breach, alteration, or change of any order or usage presently established within this our realm". He holds an MA in Political Philosophy and is the WHE Publishing Director. The English Civil War and overthrow of the monarchy allowed the Puritans to pursue their reform agenda and the dismantling of the Elizabethan Settlement for a period. 6 Essay on Thirty Nine Articles of Religion. This bill would have returned the Church to its position at the death of Henry VIII rather than to that when Edward VI died. However, only 4% of all lower clergy . Almost 200 Catholic priests and those who helped them were hunted and burned. [38], In his "Puritan Choir" thesis, historian J. E. Neale argues that Elizabeth wanted to pursue a conservative policy but was pushed in a radical direction by a Protestant faction in the House of Commons. Immediately, she established that England was not tied to Rome in any way. The Elizabethan Settlement was religious legislation that provided a compromise between English Catholics and Protestants. Elizabeth . But that does not mean that it was never again contested. Catherine of Aragon was Henry VIII's brother's wife. The visitation was conducted according to injunctions based on the Royal Injunctions of 1547. Thank you! Queen, Government and Religion, 1558-69 | GCSE History Notes Henry dissolved the English monasteries and seized their assets, causing widespread unrest. Queen Elizabeth was in attendance for the opening speech which was delivered by Nicholas Bacon, the Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal. Its purpose was to give the common people access to liturgies and prayers. Nevertheless, many of the features of the Settlement such as replacing altars with communion tables, using English in services, and banning traditional mass services, remained in place over the following centuries and their effects can still be seen on today's Anglican Church. Edward died at age seventeen in 1533, and England's official religion suffered dramatic changes again. Stop procrastinating with our study reminders. Unlike the majority of her subjects Elizabeth had no appetite for further reformation . Henry VIII officially broke with the Catholic Church in Rome in 1534 by passing the First Act of Supremacy, making himself head of a new Church of England. Then the student should consider the . Laud and his followers believed the Reformation had gone too far and launched a "'Beauty of Holiness' counter-revolution, wishing to restore what they saw as lost majesty in worship and lost dignity for the sacerdotal priesthood. The queen was determined to see the act enforced and sent inspectors around the parishes for that purpose. Fig. Elizabeth's coronation gives a clue to her middle-of-the-road position when, in Westminster Abbey, the mass was permitted but the newly crowned queen left before the elevation of the host (when the communion bread, now transformed into the body of Jesus Christ, is held up by the priest). [34] Edward's second regnal year ran from 28 January 1548 to 27 January 1549. Her brief reign sought to return England's church to Catholicism and reconcile with the Pope. Earn points, unlock badges and level up while studying. Stop procrastinating with our smart planner features. [94] Rather, the Admonition's authors believed that presbyterianism was the only biblical form of church government, whereas Whitgift argued that no single form of church government was commanded in the Bible. The Act of Supremacy became law. The articles are based on the Forty-Two articles written by Thomas Cranmer in 1553 but could not be implemented because of Edward VI's death during the same year. Here is an example answer to the following 16-mark question on whether geographical divisions were the biggest problem for Elizabeth I in establishing the religious settlement in England. [84], Leading Protestants within the Church of England were attracted to the Reformed churches of south Germany and Switzerland led by theologians such as John Calvin, Heinrich Bullinger and others. Article 34, for example, stated the following: It is not necessary that Traditions and Ceremonies be in all places one, or utterly alike; for at all times they have been divers, and may be changed according to the diversities of countries, times and men's manners, so [provided] that nothing be ordained against God's WordEvery particular or national church hath authority to ordain, change, and abolish ceremonies or rites of the Church. The north of England remained conservative in religious matters and England's three closest neighbours (Scotland, France, and Spain) were all Catholic states. of the users don't pass the Elizabethan Settlement quiz! The upheaval by yet another major religious reform resulted in rebellion in many English provinces. The Elizabethan . These articles served as the foundation for the Church of England's doctrine. It is also true that many preachers simply carried on as before hoping not to be noticed by the authorities - who in some cases were sympathetic at a local level. [60], Devotional singing at home was shared between family and friends. Which of the two mentioned historians do you agree with? The latter problem was addressed by establishing seminaries to train and ordain English priests. John Whitgift of Cambridge University, a leading advocate for conformity, published a reply in October 1572, and he and Cartwright subsequently entered into a pamphlet war.

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