The first two years after a plant is installed, regular watering is important for establishment. These fresh collected seeds can be used to plant chinese mahogang tree easily. (Chinesischer Surenbaum) - Pl@ntNet: Bestimmen Sie Wildpflanzen, erkunden Sie deren Flora und teilen Sie Ihre Beobachtungen WebToona sinensis (Juss.) These are rather big seeds that are difficult to germinate; they need to be pre-treated. When watering, water well, i.e. & Rolfe, the first four can be found at low altitudes in China (Peng and Jennifer, 2008, Wu and Chen, 2004). Toona sinensis has been traditionally used to treat dysentery, enteritis, flatulence, and itchiness. WebToona sinensis 'Flamingo' makes a magnificent specimen tree for a large garden. Since the 1980s, researchers have collected stems of mature T. sinensis trees from different regions and built a set of methods specifically for the tissue culture of rare varieties of Toona sinensis. To see an established clump of these lovely trees go to the Jardins des Martels to the north of Toulouse in south west France. Germination takes 6-14 days. Imagens de Chinese toon tree livres de direitos - Shutterstock Seed - best sown as soon as it is ripe in a cold frame[200]. Medicinal plant. It is fast-growing and adaptable, tolerating road salt and a wide diversity of soils and pH. Toona sinensis 'Flamingo' (Chinese cedar 'Flamingo') will reach a height of 15m and a spread of 10m after 10-20 years. If available other names are mentioned here. CPN (Certified Plant Nerd)Patrick.Breen@oregonstate.edu, College of Agricultural Sciences - Department of Horticulture, USDA Hardiness Zone Maps of the United States, Oregon Master Gardener Training: Identifying Woody Plants, Broadleaf deciduous tree to 30-40(70) ft [9-12(21) m] tall and 20-30 ft (6-12 m) wide; suckers and forms clones. The parts of a plant which have 1,566 reviews Reviews for this item 29 Reviews for this shop * Try to water plants early in the day or later in the afternoon to conserve water and cut down on plant stress. Toona - Growing Guide - Burncoose Nurseries. The bark is brown, smooth on young trees, becoming scaly to shaggy on old trees. it does mean that there are always new young trunks within reach of deer though, and still, no damage from them. [12] Plants with red young leaves are considered of better flavour than those where the young leaves are green.[4][13][14]. You will find somthing new about Cedrela sinensis. in various forms in Taiwan. You will often hear loam referred to as a sandy loam (having more sand, yet still plenty of organic matter) or a clay loam (heavier on the clay, yet workable with good drainage.) It resembles for all the world a peeling-barked Ailanthus, which is not generally a winner in anyone's book. However the show is just as good in the nursery. Beon International, Inc. Thanks alot. Toona sinensis Flamingo foliage . People in northern China have the tradition to eat the vegetable toona sinensis during Grain Rain. Then spread the seeds evenly over the towel and cover over to wrap the seeds in the towel. i have read that it resists insect damage? Tolerates 100f for 30 to 90 days each Summer. Eating Bindweed Eating Buckwheat Greens Paul explains why I spend time here,better than I could myself. WebToona sinensis. A decoction is used in the treatment of diarrhoea, chronic dysentery, flatulence, bloody stools, seminal emissions, leucorrhoea,, metrorrhagia and gonorrhoea[147]. M.Roem, Meliaceae, a deciduous plant native to eastern and southeastern Asia, is widely used in Traditional Chinese Medicine. WebIt will also spread by seeds. Root cuttings, 4 - 5cm long, taken in December and potted up horizontally in pots in a greenhouse[78]. French Gardens - copyright 2009 - 2023 :: privacy policy. [8][17] It is by far the most cold-tolerant species in the Meliaceae and the only member of the family that can be cultivated successfully in northern Europe. The quercetin contained in T. sinensis leaves can induce cell cycle arrest and lead to apoptosis of cells.[23]. It's exciting to have even more people with experience raising and eating toon trees active in the discussion! Your email address will not be published. Milhares de fotos novas de alta qualidade so adicionadas todos os dias. I can't say I ever noticed it when it flowered in all those years, but what I liked about this plant were the interesting dried husks left over after the seeds were released. Therefore you do not generally have to prune them unless there is some root injury or limb damage in the planting process. Exceptional Care for Your Products Guaranteed. I wonder if this is a situation where I'll have more toon sprouts and leaves than I could use, or if that's true, but only during springtime, etc cetera. ES-10 (Viable seeds) y - low 1 Propagation is best achieved by seed (Edmonds and Staniforth, 1998). WebHow to grow Cultivation Grow in fertile, well-drained soil in full sun Propagation Propagate by root cuttings in late winter Suggested planting locations and garden types Cottage ive been trying to pollard mine at ~5.5 ft, but as noted elsewhere (i think in this thread?) if i spray small off shoots off root of toon tree will it kill the main tree they are coming up on the other side of fence, My daddy completely cut the toonia sinensis down with the lawnmower all Dat is left itz its roots and a tiny bit connecting them together Im nat sure if it will regrow, Your email address will not be published. Toona We rely on donations from our users to keep maintaining and extending our free-to-use database of over 8000 edible and useful plants. So, there you go. I have just visited the Jardins-des-Martels close to Toulouse and they had 2 clumps of the trees in their borders and with the sun shining on the flamingo pink leaves they really did look spectacular. Author. The young leaves are reddish-brown or purple, and have a smell. Remove any damaged limbs. Because most of the root system is lost in digging, sufficient top growth should be removed to compensate for this loss. The fruit is a golden capsule 23.5cm long, containing several winged seeds.[4][7][8][9]. [22] However, after boiling with water, the amount of nitrite left is only about 7mg/kg, which is safe to eat. It is the most cold-tolerant species within the genus Toona and can survive * Important announcements and news Previous phytochemical investigations on the How are you using the leaves? John Skaggs wrote:To update my entry about germination above, at 2 years, some of these trees are nearing 15 ft tall now. pH: A = acid N = neutral B = basic (alkaline). Forests | Free Full-Text | Shrub Diversity and Niche WebIn total, 14 types of pollen were detected where three were identified to species, 10 to genus and one as an unknown species. An old Chinese saying goes toona sinensis before the rain is as tender as silk. Web. Once you have had your tree a few years it should be forming young trees as it suckers from the roots. I am a seller on Etsy and eBay featuring the unique edible Chinese gardening stuff. Sincerely yours WebHow to grow Cultivation Grow in fertile, well-drained soil in full sun Propagation Propagate by seed in autumn or by root cuttings in late winter Suggested planting locations and garden types Cottage and informal garden City and courtyard gardens Low Maintenance Pruning Pruning group 1 Pests Generally pest-free Diseases Generally disease-free If you find any party who is intereted in this line please kindly Studies show that mulched trees grow faster than those unmulched, so add a 3"" layer of pinestraw, compost, or pulverized bark over backfilled area. I would great appreciate. Chinese mahogany is hardy down to about -20 and is generally pest free. This works well on sites that have compacted soil. According to Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), the leaves of T. sinensis are beneficial for digestion and cough problems, and can help to stop bleeding. Not only will this conseve water, but will direct moisture to perimeter roots, encouraging outer growth. Common dishes made with Toona paste are Chinese Mahogany fried rice, Chinese Mahogany beancurd, and Chinese Mahogany mushroom soup. Katie Sherliker. WebToona sinensis young leaves. Look for a fertilizer that has phosphorus, P, in it or in Indonesia known as surian. It is also good for the stomach and skin. [10], Tissue culture of T. sinensis started from the late 1980s in China. Once it has started clumping you can keep cutting the taller trees if you wish to keep a smaller size. . M.Roem. Toona sinensis (Juss.) M.Roem. Thinning involves removing whole branches back to the trunk. Fragrant and delicious! It is a fast-growing and hardy species that resists attack by both pests and diseases. It is now 6 years old. The fully dormant tree is hardy to about -25c[200], though the young growth in spring can be damaged by late frosts. Grain rain - - - Toona sinensis You will receive a range of benefits including: Toona sinensis (Juss.) The Royal Horticultural Society is the UKs leading gardening charity. M.Roem [synonyms: Cedrela sinensis Juss, xingchn (in Chinese)], belonging to Meliaceae family and popularly known as Chinese toon or Chinese mahogany, is a deciduous woody plant native to eastern and southeastern Asia (Liao et al., 2009). In Chinese literature, Toona sinensis is often used symbolically, with a mature tree representing a father. WebWhere to grow. Create a water ring around the outer edge of the hole. 25 Mar 2022. This study investigated 12 plantations of different compositions and densities, including two densities of Cinnamomum septentrionale Hand.-Mazz. Toona Sinensis ES-10 (Viable seeds) y - low 1 Propagation is best achieved by seed (Edmonds and Staniforth, 1998). WebToona Sinensis, Chinese Mahogany, XiangChun TREE 1 Foot Sponsored $35.00 Free shipping organic Chinese Toona Toon Sinensis Mahogany XiangChun TREE 1-2 feet ( ) $47.99 $59.99 Free shipping organic Chinese Toona Toon Sinensis Mahogany XiangChun TREE 1-2 feet ( ) $10.00 + $16.78 shipping Right plant wrong place. T. sinensis has a cultivation history more than 2000 years and No rights are given to download any of our pictures and use them (for personal or professional use) without our consent. Location: Officially Zone 7b, according to personal obsevations I live in 7a, SW Tennessee, Same, i tried the seeds on the left in the fancy package. Toona sinensis "We're all just walking each other home." Toona sinensis Pendent panicles of fragrant white or greenish white flowers bloom in midsummer. For a list of references used on this page please go here In China and Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia, the young leaves of Toona sinensis or commonly known as Chinese Mahogany is used to make Toona paste, which is used as a condiment to serve with plain rice porridge as breakfast and simple meals, or to enhance the flavour of a dish or soup. If planting a balled and burlaped tree, position it in hole so that the best side faces forward. Toona sinensis Yayat Hidayat Toona sinensis - Wikipedia Kuruk, Mahaneem, Mahanim, Malarveppu, Mandurike, Mathagiri, Moulmein cedar, Nandichettu, Nandivriksha, Poma, Santhanavembu, Tawtama, Thevatharam, Todu, Tun, Tundu, Tuni, Tunna, Tunumaram, kinesisk toon, red toon, suren, xiang chun. Join the RHS today and support our charitable work, Keep track of your plants with reminders & care tips all to help you grow successfully, RHS members get free access to RHS Gardens, Free entry to RHS members at selected times , Reduced prices on RHS Garden courses and workshops, Join the RHS today and support our charity, A selection of this deciduous species with bright salmon-pink spring foliage, paling to creamy-yellow then to rich green in summer. We are planter, manufacturer and exporter of Cedrela sinensis. -Ram Dass "Be a lamp, or a lifeboat, or a ladder."-Rumi. It is a deciduous tree growing to 25 metres (82 ft) tall with a trunk up to 70 cm diameter. Toona australis), Toona sinensis Roem. Minimum temperature ranges (in degrees C) are shown in brackets, Toona is a small genus of 4 to 5 species of trees, originating from China, SE Asia and N Australia, Grow in fertile, well-drained soil in full sun, Propagate by root cuttings in late winter. Synthetic burlap should be removed as it will not decompose like natural burlap. Do you have any tips or links that show how to keep them trimmed? Websinensis (sy-NEN-sis) ( Info) Cultivar: Flamingo. Email : yahiday@yahoo.com, Dear Sirs, Can you let me know where can I get some seeds or trees of Toona sinensis? NAA or Vitamin D solutions can help with the rooting of cut stems. T. Sinensis (Meliaceae) widely distributed in Asia. http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Mirgolth. French drains are ditches that have been filled with gravel. I have long wanted to try getting a few going here in zone 6b. At this temperature, many plants begin to suffer physiological damage. Toona sinensis But the charateristic differ from yours. Select and head back the best scaffold branches, i.e. I got one and have planted it in my yard. Where to grow Soil type Chalky Clay Loamy Sandy Soil drainage Moist but well-drained Soil pH Acid Alkaline Neutral Sunlight Full Sun Aspect East West South Exposure Exposed Sheltered Check to see if this is the Right Plant, Right Place with ShootChecker Open ShootChecker Additional plant details Cultivation USDA Zone 9a, Heat Zone 8, 37 degrees North, Sunset 7/9, elevation 2600 feet 9 posted 10 years ago Does anyone have any experience growing Toona sinensis from seed? I think this may be your best best rather than a standard pot. Only comments or links that are felt to be directly relevant to a plant will be included. So, there you go. Fruits are winged capsules. Pot Size Pot Size. Chinese toon shoots and leaves are excellent in stir-fries, especially with egg, and for pickling and seasoning. When planting a tree, stake at the time of planting if staking is a necessity. What is Wormwood? Book titles include Edible Plants, Edible Perennials, Edible Trees, and Woodland Gardening. Received the plant quickly, well packaged and fresh plant. property, Toona Sinensis tree has been widely cultivated, packaged and sell commercially Chinese Mahogany Chinese Toon Toona Sinensis Seeds Chinese Tall, deciduous tree with brown bark that peels. . Your soakway should be about 6'wide and deep and filled with gravel or crushed stone, topped with sand and sodded or seeded. Keep in mind that it is illegal to divert water onto other people's property. Plant them out in late spring or early summer and consider giving them some protection from the cold in their first winter outdoors. Beberapa Sifat Dasar Kayu Surian (Toona sinensis) asal Seed propagation can provide large quantity of seedlings, which is suitable for the need of mass cultivation. This tree is often mistaken for Ailanthus altissima but that species have glandular teeth near the base of the leaflets and it does not have the oniony smell to its leaves which characterises toona. History: Normally, seeds of T. sinensis are sowed between the late March and early April in East Asia, and the time may vary depending on the actual planting area. ReferencesCarbon Farming Information andCarbon Sequestration Information. Toona sinensis Chinese Cedar PFAF Plant Database (Link-, I tried the website Sheffields Seed Company, but shipping is more than double the seeds, so I'd rather find it somewhere else since its supposed to be standard ground shipping. Use as a shade tree, specimen or street tree. Medium Coconut Coir Pot Quantity. It seems like two or three pollarded trees would be enough for a small household, is that right? Sow the seeds once the last frost has passed. Will post some photos when it quits raining. A fast growing, deciduous tree, the Chinese mahogany cannot grow in shade but will tolerate any soil type as long as it is well-drained. 117 to 119. When it's time to plant out your tree, instead of roots spiralling around the pot as they would do in a traditional container, they are ready to grow outwards into the soil. Registered or introduced: origin 1930 Australia; published 1981. Larger trees often come in wire baskets. WebGrowing Expertise Since 1864. Fruit[177, 183] . Still not sure if your soil is a sand, clay, or loam? The small ground planted tree dropped leaves during a summer hot spell, but recovered as conditions moderated. Home > WebThey can grow from the seeds of vegetables such as radish, from grains such as rice, from beans such as soybean, and from the seeds of trees such as Toona sinensis and pepper. For trees more than 12 feet tall, use two low stakes on opposite sides of the tree or several guy ropes. Copyright 2023 Backyard Gardener Designed by MotoPress Proudly Powered by WordPress. Bark gray to dark brown, fissured; inner bark pink to red, fibrous; sap-wood cream-colored to red, fibrous, smelling strongly of garlic and pepper when cut. WebToona sinensis young leaves. Patrick Breen, Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. The optimal germination temperature for Toona Sinensis is 25 C. I live on the west coast outside of Vancouver, B.C. This hardy deciduous tree will root most easily from root cuttings taken from the base of the tree in winter. The ties used need to accommodate growth and not cause bark damage with friction. It is also highly tolerant of frost and can survive in moderate drought conditions. [11], The young leaves of T. sinensis are extensively used as a vegetable in China; they have a floral, yet onion-like flavor, attributed to volatile organosulfur compounds. Little to no insect damage and appears to tolerate Cotton Root Rot (so far). [10], Cutting propagation uses a piece of stem or root of mature plant to grow a new plant in media like moist soil. Mulch around the plant. WebES-9 (N2-fixer) n - low 0 Toona sinensis is a woody plant, but species within the family Meliaceae are not known to fix nitrogen (Martin and Dowd, 1990). Who among you feels worthy enough to be my best friend? It is possible to provide supplemental lighting for indoor plants with lamps. Moisture: D = dry M = Moist We = wet Wa = water. TR Toona sinensis (espcie) Castellano cedro de Singapur; English Chinese cedar; WebRed Toon (Toona sinensis) 4.6 . Toona Sinensis thanks Cesca. ( I do have one other seedling that is half that size if it dies!) Because the content of nitrite will increase as time passes, T. sinensis leaves are not suitable for long time storage. Leaves pinnately compound, large, 30-60 cm long, with 10-20 leaflets, each about 6-14 cm long, oblong to ovate, pointed tip, base unequal, margin remotely to slightly serrate or nearly entire; emerging reddish bronze and when young have a oniony odor, finally medium to dark green, fading to yellow-gold in fall. Thus, the objective of this study was to dynamically monitor the physiological indicators of T. sinensis in real time to ensure the Sow Exotic sells a tree but is out of stock, as well as the fact that I have yet to get a living plant from them. Will post some photos when it quits raining. It grows well and is fully hardy; the shoots and leaves have an excellent flavour, the variety "north red" in particular. E-Mail: beon@ms2.hinet.net, I would like to receive seeds of Toona sinensis. The woody seedpods are very beautiful when seen close up. I know the seeds were fresh because as soon as I poured them out on a flat surface a warm savory smell hit my nostrils. Position tree in center of hole so that the best side faces forward. . I certainly plan to do this in my garden and be 'pretty in pink' during the month of April/May! They make great dried decorations (if your cats don't get them). The old infructescences fall off the trees in December and can be used in dried arrangements. growing toona sinensis from seed Will try my hand at germination. Diane Kistner wrote:Oh, thank you for this! Look forward to see its growth. Seeds soaked in warm water for a moderate amount of time before sowing are more likely to germinate. Toona Sinensis Are there different varieties or does it just depend on the zone Im in. When large enough to handle, prick the seedlings out into individual pots and grow them on in the greenhouse for at least their first winter. Its useful lifespan is 60-80 years. See this plant in the following landscape: Cultivars / Varieties: Tools : Watering Aides No gardener depends 100% on natural rainfall. This may be done to open up the interior of a plant to let more light in and to increase air circulation that can cut down on plant disease. richard valley Posts: 247 http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1978-38-5 Do Not Sell or Share My Personal Information. M.Roem. those branches which will form the main lateral structure of the future mature tree. Exploring this Fascinating Herb, How to Grow Potatoes: From Planting to Harvesting, Growing Carrots: Interesting Carrot Varieties to Try. The bark has a peeling habit and peels off in long strips. Cultivation. WebPlace the plant in the hole. It has dark green, pinnate leaves that turn yellow in autumn. Anti-Inflammatory Activities of an Extract of In Vitro Grown More advanced chefs can also dice them, mix them with "thousand year eggs," and form tofu for a nice summer Chinese salad. Synonym: Cedrela sinensis. Telephone: +44(0)1209860316 There is also a woman who sells them on etsy at a whopping 60$ a tree :O, I bought the seeds from a private seller and came in that tiny ziplock bag. Delightful harbinger of Spring! ES-11 (Self-compatible) ? It focuses on the attributes of plants suitable for food forests, what each can contribute to a food forest ecosystem, including carbon sequestration, and the kinds of foods they yield. The wood is delicately scented and is burnt in temples as an incense[245]. Recent studies show that if your soil is loose enough, you are better off adding little or no soil amendments. An old Chinese saying goes "toona sinensis before I had one entire tree split in half from winds and I figured it was dead but when springtime rolled around (I'm in Cali), branches and leaves sprout up everywhere around the break so it might look dead but it's hardy. It has hot pink new growth in the spring and is also edible! (Chinesischer Surenbaum) - Pl@ntNet: Bestimmen Sie Wildpflanzen, erkunden Sie deren Flora und teilen Sie Ihre Beobachtungen Propagating Quality Fruit Trees From Seed. P ort Orford Cedar This park is on relatively sandy glacial soil on the shores of Lake Ontario, probably a solid zone 6a/5b. times. I have a Toon that is about 15 years old and has been growing in almost complete summer shade, maybe 5% dappled sunlight, for about five years, with no sign of dying. 25 Mar 2022. A special thanks to Ken Fern for some of the information used on this page. Toona sinensis The lumber is fine-grained, reddish-brown, and valuable. Grain rain - - - This is paramount if you have had fungus problems. I live in southern California. Toona sinensis Chubese Toona, Chinese Cedrela, Chinese Mahogany Cedrela It's also tolerating soil ph of 5.5. For more info: http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1978-38-5 On Nov 19, 2011, saltcedar from Austin, TX (Zone 8b) wrote: Growing moderately and suckering when the roots are disturbed. Plants For A Future can not take any responsibility for any adverse effects from the use of plants. Tolerates Old bark peels off in long strips. I hape a spesimen Toona spp. E. Asia - China, northern India, Bhutan, Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Malaysia, Indonesia. Tel: (886-2)25574388, 25531740 Had a few I planted die back to roots over winter, though most sprang back and are now growing vigorously again. I put a containerized specimen with its base always in water, and the leaves maintained in 100 F . New leaves sprouts as red. WebToona sinensis is a widely distributed tree in Asia with buds that are treasured as forest-vegetables, while millions ofmature leaves are discarded as waste. Loosen the roots around the edges without breaking up the root ball too much. It is often cut back to keep it shorter and to have more of a shrub shape. At the seedling stage, the fresh young leaves and shoots are edible, highly nutritious. greg mosser wrote:i have never had any vertebrate damage on my toon trees, and we have a fair number of deer. Common Weeds And Wild Edibles Of The World (HD movie), 177 hours of video: the Permaculture Design Course and Appropriate Technology Course, Beginner Basics - Seed, Soil, Sunlight and Water. ES-11 (Self-compatible) ? Toona sinensis Thrives in most fertile well-drained soils in a sunny position[200]. I feel if I plant it now it should have time to get its roots in before winter. Toona sinensis 'Flamingo' is an incredible tree with bright * Consider adding water-saving gels to the root zone which will hold a reserve of water for the plant. However, the absence of a reference genome Taipei, Taiwan 103 People in northern China have the tradition to eat the vegetable toona sinensis during Grain Rain. . Toona sinensis How-to : Fertilization for Young Plants Young plants need extra phosphorus to encourage good root development. I just joined this forum today. I harvest the vitamin-rich young leaves and cooked them with eggs; they taste delicious! Share. want to buy the toona sinensis tree, that the leves can be eaten. Project: Growing Chinese Toon (toona sinensis) - Permies For windy areas or flexible trees, use a high stake. Planting a Toona Sinensis or Chinese Mahogany For polyculture design as well as the above-ground architecture (form - tree, shrub etc. WebEncontre imagens stock de Chinese toon tree em HD e milhes de outras fotos, ilustraes e imagens vetoriais livres de direitos na coleo da Shutterstock. WebToona sinensis Roem. Toona sinensis is important economically, including as a nutritious food source, as material for traditional Chinese medicine and as a high-quality hardwood. Now I am onto planting - wish me luck. Committed to Good Environmental Practice. The optimal germination temperature for Toona Sinensis is 25 C. Regardless, these were happy uncared-for trees hanging out in the woods with oaks, maples, and a lot of other trees. pH 7.8 Montmorillonite Clay. Try to avoid north-facing sites and heavy wet soil and your tree should quickly start growing and sending out suckering roots to form a clump. This tree has been mentioned as very tolerant of landscape extremes, and for having been used as a read morestreet tree in such diverse locations as Santa Barbara CA; Philadelphia PA; and Paris, France. Root cuttings, 4 - 5cm long, taken in December and potted up horizontally in pots in a greenhouse[78]. 49 Chinese Mahogany Tree Chinese Toona TreeToona sinensis 31 Fill both holes with soil the same way. Use a pitchfork or shovel to scarify the sides of the hole. WebOne of them is to build and develop plantation forests including the community forest. Promising! Juss. Usually there are even numbers of leaflets on each leaf. Starting with Pots: Fill pots with sterilized potting soil. Toona sinensis This study first analyzed the nutrient composition of mature leaves of T. sinensis andthen explored their effects when fed Milhares de fotos novas de alta qualidade so adicionadas todos os dias. Do water early enough so that water has had a chance to dry from plant leaves prior to night fall. Prefers full sun and good drainage, and the habit is upright-spreading when given space. Katie Sherliker. WebToona Sinensis is a tree. 11-1 indicates that the plant is heat tolerant in zones 11 through 1.) This is a highly esteemed food in China[109], it is said to resemble onions in flavour and is usually boiled. The leaves of T. sinensis has a relative high content of nitrite, which is about 157 to 160mg/kg.

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