It would be not explainable enough for women to reject such help. The university student survey (hereafter the student sample) was conducted during the summer term in 2008. Want to create or adapt books like this? An example of a vignette used is shown in Figure 1. Quick Facts About the Gender Wage Gap - Center for On the other hand, the tests between the student sample and population sample 1 (2 = 37.18;p < 0.001) as well as population sample 2 (2 = 49.61;p < 0.001) revealed significant differences. Empirically, this is the first study that compares student samples and population samples using similar tools to detect gender biases that allow for the testing of differences for the first time. The data of the population sample 1, the student sample etc. Further details on the methodical setup of the factorial survey can be found in Sauer et al. How impartial are the observers of justice theory? To test the hypotheses stated above, it is necessary to first obtain heterogeneous respondent groups who experience varying degrees of gender inequality. The Conflict Perspective HUM210 Introduction to Women and The gap stems from prejudice against women workers, resulting in women receiving less pay than men do for the same work. Therefore, not only data on justice perceptions but also information on the interactions of men and women in the workplace and organizations and on the inequality and power structures would be useful. The respondents were randomly assigned to experimental splits. doi: 10.1007/s11211-013-0182-2, Schomaker, C. (2010a). More information on the analysis of the gender pay gap can be found in the publication: The gender wage gap in Canada: 1998 to 2018. Stata: Release 12. The contribution of this paper is to apply the theoretical explanations offered by Berger et al. The factorial survey method and application for studying attitudes and behavior. Moreover, the respondents could skip vignettes if they did not want to answer. The question is now how inequalities between men and women influence the existence (10), sign (10) and size of a just gender pay gap. Sauer, C. (2014a). How Expectations Organize Behavior, eds J. Berger and M. J. Zelditch (San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass), 215261. There exist large regional differences in gender pay gaps across federal states. However, future research could directly test the effects of daily interactions in the workplace or within an organization, as they are important for the emergence and spread of status beliefs and for justice evaluation processes. In the years 2008 and 2009, when the surveys of this study were conducted, the unadjusted gender pay gap of monthly median earnings in Germany was approximately 21% (see Table 5). In population sample 2, a constant number of dimensions (10) and vignettes (24) was presented. Annu. Which theoretical perspective best explains your experience with Sipe, S., Johnson, C. D., and Fisher, D. K. (2009). A. M., Kaschner, T., and Brodbeck, F. C. (2018). University of Maryland, University College, Sociological Research on Gender Pay Gap.docx, Social Problems Of Poverty and Inequality.edited.docx, Assignment 2 - Sociological Imagination and the Future of Work/Education. Just. Conflict Theory on Education Available online at: https://www.wsi.de/data/wsi-gdp-entgelt-2019-06-11-01.pdf, Hole, A. R. (2007). 7. This paper investigates the determinants of the gender pay gap among doctoral graduates in Germany. Globally, the gender pay gap stands at 16 per cent, meaning women workers earn an average of 84 per cent of what men earn. 46, 348352. doi: 10.1111/j.0735-2751.2004.00227.x, Younts, C. W., and Mueller, C. W. (2001). Since 2002, the sample size has been approximately 1,000 respondents and considered representative of the German resident population 16 years of age and older (Siegel et al., 2009). Under the assumption of biased referential structures, it can be predicted under which structural conditions gender is likely to be a status characteristic and thereby a relevant factor in the justice evaluation process formulated in Equation (3). WebThis research report explores the gender pay gap, which is defined as the difference between the average hourly pay of men and women. Rev. This possibility was introduced in the description of the vignette task immediately before the first vignette. Gender And Conflict Theory And The Gender Pay Gap | 123 Help The adjusted gender pay gap (under the control of human capital factors and occupation) was approximately 8% (Finke et al., 2017) and remained also relatively stable over the last decade. The investigation of gender bias in earnings is important not only for justice research but also, more generally, for labor market sociology, as these biased attitudes have consequences for the actual behavior of labor market participants. doi: 10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60108-2, Adriaans, J, Sauer, C., and Wrohlich, K. (2020). Die wirtschaftliche und soziale Lage der Studierenden in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland 2009. Second, it is necessary to compare observers who are embedded in different inequality structures. A comparison of approaches to estimating confidence intervals for willingness to pay measures. Its Elementary Forms. This gap was equal for male and female observers. Please provide multiple citations in your sources. Second, one needs an instrument that allows for the analysis of gender bias. WebSince women are starkly overrepresented in low paid work, it would usually benefit women more dramatically. This high-status group preference is shared by both the advantaged and disadvantaged groups, and accordingly, both male and female observers assign higher earnings to male recipients. Gender pay gap differs widely by race and ethnicity Looking across racial and ethnic groups, a wide gulf separates the earnings of Black and Hispanic women from the earnings of White men. Men, like any other group with a power or wealth advantage, fought to maintain their control over resources (in this case, political and economic power). These characteristics can be achieved, such as performance, or ascribed, such as gender (Berger et al., 1977). The Conflict Theory plays a part also by the pay difference for men over women is so great that The gender gap in pay has remained relatively stable in the United States over the past 20 years or so. Gender Pay Gap in den Kpfen: Mnner und Frauen bewerten niedrigere Lhne fr Frauen als gerecht. The quality of the data from population sample 2 is therefore not as high as it is in the other two samples. Sex on the Brain: Humans, like other mammals, exhibit sex differences in their brains and psychological traits. Wage Gap For women of colour, immigrant women, and women with children, the difference is even greater. 11.3B: The Conflict Perspective - Social Sci LibreTexts This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). No matter where a man is in the workplace, they are always ranked one step higher than women. Stata J. Sociol. While it seems as though there may never come a day in which all people receive equal treatment by everyone they encounter, at the very least they should receive equality by their governing bodies and from their employers. In these negotiations it is on the one hand important for employees to formulate claims that yield an appropriate outcome, and on the other hand, supervisors have to evaluate these claims as legitimate. (2007). Bearing the limitations of this study in mind, the findings provide important insights for sociological justice research, as they show how inequalities influence the justice evaluations of people. 1.) Questions surrounding distributive justice are part of the research program of the empirical sociological justice literature (Jasso et al., 2016; Liebig and Sauer, 2016) that has been developed over the last 50 years and now has a formalized core mapping the evaluation process. HUM210 - Introduction to Women and Gender Studies - Course Goal, Description, Learning Topics & Outcomes, 2. Restricting the results presented in Tables 6, 7 to full-time employees yields similar results (as can also be seen in Models 1 and 4 of Table 8). The following sections provide the theoretical background of the paper and then introduce the data and present and discuss the findings in light of the literature. The gender pay gap can be measured in three key ways: by hourly earnings, weekly earnings, and annual income. Sociol. The pretest sample is not related to the main SOEP, meaning that these respondents are not part of the panel study. The figure shows how much more (in percentages) the fair earnings would be for male vignette persons compared to female vignette persons. DIW Wochenbericht 87, 147152. GENDER PAY GAP Gender pay gap 20062018, in WSI GenderDatenPortal. Soc. Indust. WebThe conflict theory states the idea that conflict between competing interests is the basic, animating force of social change and society in general. These discrepancies in pay add up and have real, daily negative consequences for women and their families. In all surveys, the respondents had the opportunity to change their judgments of earlier vignettes when they compared them to later vignettes and had to adjust the ratings. doi: 10.1177/001979390606000103. A first version of this paper was presented at the Conference of the American Sociological Association in 2011 in Las Vegas (Regular Session: How Do Organizations Bring Markets Back In? By relying on human capital theory, traditional gender roles and I use data from one student sample and two random samples of the German population (the two population samples are independent of one another and differ in design and are therefore useful to demonstrate the robustness of the findings). doi: 10.2307/2095065. We see this take place in many area, however we witness it more in the work place., The theoretical perspective that explains the issue of gender wage gap inequality is the conflict theory. Eine Ursachenanalyse auf Grundlage der Verdienststrukturerhebung 2014, in Wirtschaft und Statistik 2/2017, 4362. To gain insights into whether these rating patterns were similar for both male and female respondents, as suggested by Hypothesis 2, respondents' gender was included in the regression. Soc. I acknowledge funding from the German Research Foundation (grant number: HI 680-4-1) and the Dutch Research Foundation (grant number: 4510-17-024). While the reported gap differs slightly depending on the measure used, the overall pattern is very similar. Sci. Methods effects in factorial surveys: an analysis of respondents' comments, interviewers' assessments, and response behavior. They are the dominate sex who is seen to be smarter, better and more powerful in making decisions for himself, his family, his business, and etc. 7, 227244. Model 3 indicates that male and female respondents evaluated the vignettes on average to an equal extent as being just or unjust. proletariat the working class or lower class, dominant group a sociological category that holds the majority of authority and power over other social groups. The following sections briefly describe the respondent samples and provide an overview of the factorial surveys and additional variables used and the analysis technique employed. First, the focus is on the effect of the gender of the vignette person on the justice evaluations for each sample. Finally, the effect of gross earnings is positive: the more a vignette person earns, the more often respondents rated this person as over-rewarded, holding other dimensions equal. The models for the different samples are provided in Table 7. Received: 21 June 2019; Accepted: 11 March 2020; Published: 07 April 2020. Gender pay gap Am. WebFeminists argue that this erases the categories of gender altogether but does nothing to antagonize the power dynamics reified by gender. doi: 10.3200/JOEB.84.6.339-349, Sotan, K. E. (1981). Formation of reward expectations in status situations, in Status, Rewards and Influence. Rev. Forget the Mommy Track: Temporal Flexibility Increases The hypothesis refers to the question of the sign of a just gender pay gap. Along with the theoretical framework, presented is a A drastic paradigm shift is necessary in order to change these social norms, and this is exactly what the Teachers Pension Plan is aiming for. The assumption is that contexts shape justice attitudes, meaning that students and employees change their attitudes as they come into other contexts. Factorial Survey Experiments, Vol. Gender Wage Inequality And Conflict Theory - 1144 doi: 10.18148/srm/2011.v5i3.4625, Sauer, C., Auspurg, K., Hinz, T., Liebig, S., and Schupp, J. ^In the computer-assisted personal interviews, additional information was collected about the interviewer, e.g., work experience and training attendance, and the interview situations in interviewer questionnaires after each interview. ^The variations were part of a method experiment that investigated the effects of information load and fatigue during the interview. Moreover, the findings can be useful for inequality research, as justice attitudes reinforce actual inequalities. Although laws were passed in the United States to end the gender wage gap, women still suffer the unfair payment; therefore, the countrys governments needs to enforce or implement more laws to end the gap. Each vignette provided information on at least the gender, age, education, and occupation of the recipient described, among other dimensions in more complex vignettes, together with gross earnings. Status hierarchies are in this case not correlated with gender. Copyright 2020 Sauer. Pay gap Rev. The negative coefficient indicates that male recipients were more often evaluated as under-rewarded than female recipients. The equity principle states that relative equivalence of two actors' ratios of inputs and outputs ensures perceptions of equity or justice in the eyes of the beholders. The goal was to explain the mixed results reported in previous studies on the just gender pay gap in non-reflexive justice evaluations (Jasso and Webster, 1997, 1999) by using predictions of sociological justice theories (Berger et al., 1972; Jasso, 1978, 1980; Jasso and Webster, 1997). The findings suggest that municipalities with women mayors and larger proportions of women on the city council have smaller gender wage gaps in the municipal executive bureaucracy than those with men mayors and few women councilors. Lang, V., and Gro, M. (2020). The second model in Table 6 provides the estimates for population sample 1. 46, 227241. Sauer, C., Auspurg, K., Hinz, T., and Liebig, S. (2011). Under the structural condition of gender inequality, it is likely that gender has status value. Previous studies in sociological justice research have found mixed results on the gender bias in justice evaluations of earnings. Under the structural condition of resource equality, it is likely that gender has no status value; therefore, gender is unimportant for the evaluation process. Explanation of the Concept of Social Construction of Gender, Boundless, Boundless Sociology, http://oer2go.org/mods/en-boundless/www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/index.html. Advances in experimental social psychology, in Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, Vol. On the justice of earnings: a new specification of the justice evaluation function. 2, Chap. A new theory of distributive justice. Gender Wage Gap 2, eds J. Berger, M. Zelditch, and B. Anderson (Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company), 119146. doi: 10.2307/2657396, Keywords: justice evaluations, just gender pay gap, gender inequalities, status beliefs, factorial survey, German-Germany, Citation: Sauer C (2020) Gender Bias in Justice Evaluations of Earnings: Evidence From Three Survey Experiments. What do you see as some of the pros and cons of placing a child with ADHD on medication? However, as the differences are mainly differences between East Germany and West Germany, one could also argue that the differences occur due to cultural differences between people who were socialized in different systems and societies (see, Lang and Gro, 2020). Table 5. The results are very similar to those for the first population sample and are in line with Hypothesis 2. In a first step, I therefore investigate whether gender biases still differ between students and the general population, including additional analysis by age and educational groups, and in a second step, I analyze whether differences can be detected between employees working in German federal states with more or less gender inequality. Gap Rev. The subjective gender bias in evaluations of earnings describes complementary differences in justice evaluations of men and women. Rossi, P. H., and Anderson, B. In the negotiation literature, it can be seen that a systematic gender bias is inherent (Dittrich et al., 2014; Kugler et al., 2018), partly because both negotiation parties likely exhibit a double standard for men and women. Less is sometimes more: consequences of overpayment on job satisfaction and absenteeism. The actuality is that our society wants to gender inequality. The other coefficients and their interpretation are reported briefly as follows: the effect of a vignette person's age is negative and highly significant, meaning that older vignette persons were evaluated more often as under-rewarded than younger vignette subjects. J. Educ. Hypothesis 1. The rewards of the generalized other represent the typical earnings of similar people, while the normative evaluation of whether earnings are too high or too low is located in the comparison between the actual outcomes and the referential outcomes. ^The theory is based on the research of Adams (1965), Homans (1974), Berger et al. SOEPpaper No. Full-time employees directly experience inequalities in their goal-oriented daily interactions at their workplaces. The wage gap is an important topic in many sociology classrooms, but it can be difficult to convey the accumulated disadvantage experienced by women and racial/ethnic minorities to students using in-class discussions, lectures, or

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